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Gallery Text

Marcus Ulpius Traianus, better known as Trajan (see coin 17), ruled the Roman Empire from 98 to 117 CE, when it reached its greatest expanse. His most notable military achievement was the conquest of Dacia (modern Romania), which is depicted on the column in his forum in Rome. The head of this statue, which was made separately and inset into the body, is representative of a portrait type initially produced between Trajan’s two Dacian wars. The ceremonial military dress, complete with cuirass (breastplate) and paludamentum (cloak), includes a depiction of an Amazon or female arimasp battling two griffins, mythical figures symbolic of Roman military campaigns in the east. The pose of the body suggests that the statue may have held a spear in the left hand, while the right hand is stretched out in a gesture of clemency or military address (ad locutio).

Identification and Creation

Object Number
1954.71
Title
Emperor Trajan
Classification
Sculpture
Work Type
sculpture, statue
Date
after 103 CE
Places
Creation Place: Ancient & Byzantine World, Europe
Period
Roman Imperial period, Middle
Culture
Roman
Persistent Link
https://hvrd.art/o/303389

Location

Location
Level 3, Room 3700, Ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern Art, Roman Art
View this object's location on our interactive map

Physical Descriptions

Medium
Pentelic marble with modern restorations
Technique
Carved
Dimensions
191 x 76 x 54 cm (75 3/16 x 29 15/16 x 21 1/4 in.)
1075 lb.

Provenance

Recorded Ownership History
Lord Anson collection, Shugborough, Staffordshire, (by 1782). J. A. Crane collection, Birmingham, (by 1880). K. J. Hewett collection, Chelsea-Hammersmith, London, (by 1951). [Spink and Son, Ltd., London, 1954], sold; to Fogg Art Museum, 1954.

Acquisition and Rights

Credit Line
Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Alpheus Hyatt Purchasing Fund
Accession Year
1954
Object Number
1954.71
Division
Asian and Mediterranean Art
Contact
am_asianmediterranean@harvard.edu
Permissions

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Descriptions

Description
This statue shows Trajan in ceremonial armor (in contrast to the field equipment seen on the Column of Trajan in Rome), standing or stepping forward as if in the act of addressing his troops. His elaborate cuirass or breastplate has long tabs or pteryges, leather straps at the shoulders, and longer leather straps around the thighs. A tunic is visible under this ensemble, and a long cloak or paludamentum is worn on the left shoulder and around the left arm. The open-toed sandals are purely ceremonial, in keeping with the symbolic nature of the statue as suggested here and in previous publications.

Published Catalogue Text: Stone Sculptures: The Greek, Roman and Etruscan Collections of the Harvard University Art Museums , written 1990
138

Statue of the Emperor Trajan

The right shoulder and section of the chest, also the remaining section of the upper arm, have been broken and rejoined. The head and neck were made separately and inset. The statue was taken apart completely, cleaned, redoweled, and reconstituted at the Fogg Museum during 1983-1985.

Marcus Ulpius Traianus, of Roman Spanish ancestry and son of a distinguished Roman magistrate, was adopted by the aged Senator Nerva (emperor, A.D. 96-98) and ruled as emperor from A.D. 98-117. It was in this time, with the conquest of Dacia and military expeditions on the eastern frontier from Armenia to Arabia, that the Roman Empire reached its maximum geographical area. This statue shows Trajan in ceremonial armor (in contrast to the field equipment seen on the Column of Trajan in Rome), standing or stepping forward as if in the act of addressing his troops. His elaborate cuirass or breastplate has long tabs or pteryges, leather straps at the shoulders, and longer leather straps around the thighs. A tunic is visible under this ensemble, and a long cloak or paludamentum is worn on the left shoulder and around the left arm. The open-toed sandals are purely ceremonial, in keeping with the symbolic nature of the statue as suggested here and in previous publications.

In recent years, studies of important Roman Imperial cuirassed statues have been concerned with the meaning of scenes and objects on the ceremonial armor of these images. This statue of Trajan, presumably brought to England from Italy in the eighteenth century, is no exception. Here the decorative enrichment of the cuirass and of the tabs below appears to allude to the emperor's untimely death from natural causes at Selinus (Trajanopolis) in Cilicia at a time when the wars on the Parthian frontier were going badly for the Roman armies. This was also the period when the Jewish communities of North Africa, Mesopotamia, and Cyprus were developing a major revolt, which devastated cities such as Cyrene and parts of Alexandria in Egypt (Lepper, 1948, pp. 89-92; Magie, 1950, pp. 609-613). After Trajan's widow Plotina had engineered Hadrian's alleged adoption and his recognition as emperor (ruled A.D. 117-138), and after the Roman East was pacified and the frontiers stabilized, Rome and the surrounding towns were awash with monuments to the deified Trajan, the greatest of these being the Trajaneum at the end of the Forum Traiani. The provinces were similarly embellished—witness the Trajaneum at Pergamon. While this statue is not heroic, semi-nude, Jovian image of a true Divus, in the traditions of the Primaporta Augustus, it has enough of the subtle allusions of cuirassed iconography to show this was a statue of Trajan in his period of transition from emperor to god.

The main scene on the breastplate is an Amazon or female Arimaspe fighting two griffins, all symbolic of wars on the eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire. On the tabs of the skirt below, at the bottom of the breastplate and above the leather straps, bovine skulls alternate with palmettes. The skull, rather than the bull's or cow's head, very often suggests death and funerary commemoration. Combined here with a portrait of Trajan based on a model created fairly late in his reign, this iconography suggests the statue was a posthumous commemoration of the Optimus Princeps, the "best of princes", as Trajan was hailed by the Roman Senate. The statue was carved in the months or years immediately after the emperor's death, when monuments such as the Arch of Trajan at Beneventum were completed to honor the military and civic acts of the ruler who brought the Roman Empire to its greatest heights. That the cuirassed statue is one of a vigorous commander addressing his troops, rather than an ill, old man, is emphasized in the pose and proportions of the body, based on the ideal statue of Achilles by Polykleitos, a bronze known as the Doryphoros or Spear-Bearer.

Cornelius Vermeule and Amy Brauer

Publication History

  • Thomas Pennant, Journey From Chester to London (London, England, 1782), p. 68
  • Adolf Theodor Friedrich Michaelis, Ancient Marbles in Great Britain, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, UK, 1882), p. 213, no. 1
  • George M. A. Hanfmann, "A Statue of Trajan", Fogg Art Museum Annual Report, Fogg Art Museum (Cambridge, MA, 1953-1954), No. 1953/1954, 6-7.
  • "Accessions of American and Canadian Museums, 18:2", The Art Quarterly (Summer 1955), XCIII, no. 2, pp. 195-196, fig. 1
  • George M. A. Hanfmann, "A New Trajan", American Journal of Archaeology (1957), 61, pp. 223-253, pls. 68-75
  • Cornelius C. Vermeule III, "Hellenistic and Roman Cuirassed Statues, the Evidence of Painting and Reliefs in the Chronological Development of Cuirass Types", Berytus, Museum of Archaeology, American University of Beirut (Copenhagen, Denmark, 1959), XIII, fasc. 1, p. 53, no. 168, pl. XIII, fig. 42
  • Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Greek and Roman Portraits, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Boston, MA, 1959), no. 49
  • Hansgeorg Oehler, Untersuchungen zu den mannlichen romischen Mantelstatuen. Der Schulterbauschtypus, Mann (Berlin, Germany, 1961), p. 70
  • Erika Simon, "Zur Bedeutung des Greifen in der Kunst der Kaiserzeit", Latomus (1962), 21, fasc. 4, p. 175, pl. 48.
  • Hans-Georg Niemeyer, Studien zur statuarischen Darstellung der romischen Kaiser, Mann (Berlin, Germany, 1968), p. 96, no. 50
  • George M. A. Hanfmann and David Gordon Mitten, "The Art of Classical Antiquity", Apollo (May 1978), vol. 107, no. 195, pp. 362-369, p. 366, note 28
  • Klaus Stemmer, Untersuchungen zur Typologie, Chronologie und Ikonographie der Panzerstatuen, Mann (Berlin, Germany, 1978), pp. 58-59, no. V 4, 170, pl. 35, fig. 3
  • Cornelius C. Vermeule III, Hellenistic and Roman Cuirassed Statues, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Boston, MA, 1980), p. 6
  • Cornelius C. Vermeule III, Greek and Roman Sculpture in America, University of California Press (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1981), p. 302, no. 258
  • Klaus Fittschen and Paul Zanker, Katalog der romischen Portrats in den Capitolischen Museen und den anderen kommunalen Sammlungen der Stadt Rom, I, Verlag Philipp von Zabern (Mainz, Germany, 1983), p. 41, no. 8, in list
  • Kristin A. Mortimer and William G. Klingelhofer, Harvard University Art Museums: A Guide to the Collections, Harvard University Art Museums and Abbeville Press (Cambridge and New York, 1986), p. 108, no. 120, ill.
  • Cornelius C. Vermeule III and Amy Brauer, Stone Sculptures: The Greek, Roman and Etruscan Collections of the Harvard University Art Museums, Harvard University Art Museums (Cambridge, MA, 1990), p. 151, no. 138
  • James Cuno, Alvin L. Clark, Jr., Ivan Gaskell, and William W. Robinson, Harvard's Art Museums: 100 Years of Collecting, ed. James Cuno, Harvard University Art Museums and Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (Cambridge, MA, 1996), p. 112-113, ill.
  • Masterpieces of world art : Fogg Art Museum, Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Busch-Reisinger Museum, 1997
  • Mary Hollinshead, "Extending the Reach of Marble: Struts in Greek and Roman Sculpture", The Ancient Art of Emulation: Studies in Artistic Originality and Tradition from the Present to Classical Antiquity (2002), 117-52, pp. 134-35, fig. 6.12.
  • Stephan Wolohojian, ed., Harvard Art Museum/Handbook (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2008)
  • Susan Wood, Hadrian, Hercules, and griffins: a group of cuirassed statues from Latium and Pamphylia, Journal of Roman Archaeology (2016), vol. 29, pp. 225, 227, 233, fig. 5
  • Aura Piccioni, Römische Großbronzen am Limes: Fragmente im raetischen Raum (Oxford, 2023), p. 107, fig. 170

Exhibition History

  • Roman Gallery Installation (long-term), Harvard University Art Museums, Cambridge, 09/16/1999 - 01/20/2008
  • Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity, Harvard University Art Museums, Cambridge, 09/22/2007 - 01/20/2008
  • Re-View: S422-423 Western Art of the Middle Ages & Renaissance, Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, Cambridge, 08/16/2008 - 06/18/2011
  • 32Q: 3700 Roman, Harvard Art Museums, 11/16/2014 - 01/01/2050

Subjects and Contexts

  • Google Art Project
  • Collection Highlights

Verification Level

This record has been reviewed by the curatorial staff but may be incomplete. Our records are frequently revised and enhanced. For more information please contact the Division of Asian and Mediterranean Art at am_asianmediterranean@harvard.edu